Part 3 || Specification and Abstraction || 11 Std || Computer Science

 

       An algorithm is a sequence of instructions to accomplish a task or solve a problem. An instruction describes an action. When the instructions are executed, a process evolves, which accomplishes the intended task or solves the given problem. We can compare an algorithm to a recipe, and the resulting process to cooking.

         We are interested in executing our algorithms in a computer. A computer can only execute instructions in a programming language. Instructions of a computer are also known as statements.Therefore, ultimately, algorithms must be expressed using statements of a programming language.

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Part 1 || Specification and Abstraction || 11 Std || Computer Science

 

       An algorithm is a sequence of instructions to accomplish a task or solve a problem. An instruction describes an action. When the instructions are executed, a process evolves, which accomplishes the intended task or solves the given problem. We can compare an algorithm to a recipe, and the resulting process to cooking.

         We are interested in executing our algorithms in a computer. A computer can only execute instructions in a programming language. Instructions of a computer are also known as statements.Therefore, ultimately, algorithms must be expressed using statements of a programming language.

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11 STD || PART-7 || Versions of Windows

 

 

 Method I-CUT and PASTE

To move a file or folder, first select the file or folder and then choose one of the following:

. Click on the Edit ¨ Cut or Ctrl + X Or right click ¨ cut from the pop-up menu.

. To move the file(s) or folder(s) in the new location, navigate to the new location and paste it using Click Edit ¨ Paste from edit menu or Ctrl + V using keyboard.

. Or Right click ¨ Paste from the pop-up menu. The file will be pasted in the new location.

Method II . Drag and Drop

          In the disk drive window, we have two panes called left and right panes. In the left pane, the files or folders are displayed like a tree structure. In the right pane, the files inside the specific folders in the left pane are displayed with various options.

 

 

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11 STD || PART-6 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COPY PASTE

 

 

 Method I-CUT and PASTE

To move a file or folder, first select the file or folder and then choose one of the following:

. Click on the Edit ¨ Cut or Ctrl + X Or right click ¨ cut from the pop-up menu.

. To move the file(s) or folder(s) in the new location, navigate to the new location and paste it using Click Edit ¨ Paste from edit menu or Ctrl + V using keyboard.

. Or Right click ¨ Paste from the pop-up menu. The file will be pasted in the new location.

Method II . Drag and Drop

          In the disk drive window, we have two panes called left and right panes. In the left pane, the files or folders are displayed like a tree structure. In the right pane, the files inside the specific folders in the left pane are displayed with various options.

 

 

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11 STD || PART-6 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COMPUTER SCIENCE

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11 STD || PART-5 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COMPUTER SCIENCE

 

 

 Method I-CUT and PASTE

To move a file or folder, first select the file or folder and then choose one of the following:

. Click on the Edit ¨ Cut or Ctrl + X Or right click ¨ cut from the pop-up menu.

. To move the file(s) or folder(s) in the new location, navigate to the new location and paste it using Click Edit ¨ Paste from edit menu or Ctrl + V using keyboard.

. Or Right click ¨ Paste from the pop-up menu. The file will be pasted in the new location.

Method II . Drag and Drop

          In the disk drive window, we have two panes called left and right panes. In the left pane, the files or folders are displayed like a tree structure. In the right pane, the files inside the specific folders in the left pane are displayed with various options.

 

 

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11 STD || PART-5 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COMPUTER SCIENCE

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11 STD || PART-4 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COMPUTER SCIENCE

 

 

 Method I-CUT and PASTE

To move a file or folder, first select the file or folder and then choose one of the following:

. Click on the Edit ¨ Cut or Ctrl + X Or right click ¨ cut from the pop-up menu.

. To move the file(s) or folder(s) in the new location, navigate to the new location and paste it using Click Edit ¨ Paste from edit menu or Ctrl + V using keyboard.

. Or Right click ¨ Paste from the pop-up menu. The file will be pasted in the new location.

Method II . Drag and Drop

          In the disk drive window, we have two panes called left and right panes. In the left pane, the files or folders are displayed like a tree structure. In the right pane, the files inside the specific folders in the left pane are displayed with various options.

 

 

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11 STD || PART-4 || Working with Windows Operating System || CHAPTER 5 || COMPUTER SCIENCE

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11 STD || CH:5 || PART-3 || Working with Windows Operating System

 

Working with Windows Operating System

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction to Windows

 

Standard Icons

 

The icons which are available on desktop by default while installing Windows OS are called standard icons. The standard icons available in all Windows OS are My Computer, Documents and Recycle Bin.

Windows Operating System uses both Keyboard and mouse as input devices. Mouse is used to interact with Windows by clicking its icons. Keyboard is used to enter alphabets, numerals and special characters. 

 

 

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11 STD || CH:5 || PART-2 || Working with Windows Operating System

 

Working with Windows Operating System

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction to Windows

The opening screen of Windows is called “Desktop”. The desktop of your computer may look different from what is seen in Figure 5.3. This is because Windows allows you to change the appearance of the desktop.

 

the desktop shows the Start button, Taskbar, Notification Area and date and time..

Windows Operating System uses both Keyboard and mouse as input devices. Mouse is used to interact with Windows by clicking its icons. Keyboard is used to enter alphabets, numerals and special characters. 

 

 

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Working with Windows Operating System

 

 

 

 

 

Introduction to Windows Operating System

Every computer needs an Operating System to function. Microsoft Windows is one of the most popular Graphical User Interface (GUI). Multiple applications can execute simultaneously in Windows, and this is known as “Multitasking”.

Windows Operating System uses both Keyboard and mouse as input devices. Mouse is used to interact with Windows by clicking its icons. Keyboard is used to enter alphabets, numerals and special characters. 

 

 

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11 STD || PART-3 || Theoretical concepts of Operating System || COMPUTER SCIENCE

 

File Management

File management is an important function of OS which handles the data storage techniques. The operating System manages the files, folders and directory systems on a computer.The FAT(File Allocation Table) stores general information about files like filename, type (text or binary), size, starting address and access mode.The file manager of the operating system helps to create, edit, copy, allocate memory to the files and also updates the FAT. There are few other file management techniques available like Next Generation File System (NTFS) and ext2(Linux).

 

 

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Introduction to Software:

A soft ware is set of instructions that perform specifi c task. It interacts basically with the hardware to generate the desired output.

Types of Software

Software is classified into two types: 

1) Application Software 

2) System Software 

 

Application Software:
 

Application software is a set of programs to perform specific task. For example MS-word is an application software to create text document and VLC player is familiar application software to play audio, video files and many more.

 

System Software:

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run the computer’s hardware and application programs. Example Operating System and Language Processor

 

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Part :1 - 11 std - Theoretical concepts of Operating System

 

Introduction to Software:

A soft ware is set of instructions that perform specifi c task. It interacts basically with the hardware to generate the desired output.

Types of Software

Software is classified into two types: 

1) Application Software 

2) System Software 

 

Application Software:
 

Application software is a set of programs to perform specific task. For example MS-word is an application software to create text document and VLC player is familiar application software to play audio, video files and many more.

 

System Software:

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run the computer’s hardware and application programs. Example Operating System and Language Processor

 

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11 STD || CHP: 3 || Computer Organization || Part-3 ||PORT AND INTERFACE

 

 

 

 

 

The Motherboard of a computer has many I/O sockets that are connected to the ports and interfaces found on the rear side of a computer . The external devices can be connected to the ports and interfaces. The various types of ports are given below

 

 Serial Port: To connect the external devices, found in old computers.

Parallel Port: To connect the printers, found in old computers.

USB Ports: To connect external devices like cameras, scanners, mobile phones, external hard disks and printers to the computer.

USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard to connect computers with other electronic gadgets 

. USB 3.0 can transfer data up to 5 Giga byte/second.

USB3.1 and USB 3.2 are also released.

 

 

 

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11 STD || CHP: 3 || Computer Organization || Part-3 ||PORT AND INTERFACE 

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11 STD || CHP: 3 || Computer Organization || Part-2 || . Data communication between CPU and memory

 

 

 

 

A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.

The word in the RAM has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register (MDR). If the processor is an 8-bit processor like Intel 8085, its MDR and the word in the RAM both have 8 bits.

The read operation transfers the data(bits) from word to Memory Data Register. The write operation transfers the data(bits) from Memory Data Register to word.

 

 

 

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11 STD || CHP: 3 || Computer Organization || Part-2 || . Data communication between CPU and memory

 

 

 

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11 STD || CHP: 3 || Computer Organization || Part-1|| Characteristics of Microprocessors

 

 

 

 

 Basics of Microprocessors

The CPU is the major component of a computer, which performs all tasks. This is realized by the microprocessor which is an Integrated Circuit. Microprocessors were first introduced in early 1970s. The first general purpose microprocessor, 4004 was developed by Intel Inc. The microprocessor is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip. It is driven by clock pulses. It accepts input as a binary data and after processing, it provides the output data as per the instructions stored in the memory. A block diagram of a microprocessor based system

 

 

 

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11 STD || BOOTING & TYPES OF BOOTING || CHAP : 1 || COMPUTER

 

Booting of computer

An Operating system (OS) is a basic software that makes the computer to work. When a computer is switched on, there is no information in its RAM.At the same time, in ROM, the pre-written program called POST (Power on Self Test) will be executed first. This program checks if the devices like RAM, keyboard, etc., are connected properly and ready to operate. If these devices are ready, then the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) gets executed. This process is called Booting. Thereafter, a program called “Bootstrap Loader” transfers OS from hard disk into main memory. Now the OS gets loaded (Windows/Linux, etc.,) and will get executed. Booting process is of two types.

1) Cold Booting

2) Warm Booting

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